Do You Need a Calorie Surplus to Build Muscle? | Dr. Eric Helms

Most lifters have been told they need to eat in a Calorie surplus to build muscle. That rule has always come with a list of exceptions: unless you're new, unless you're carrying extra body fat, unless you're coming back from time off. Dr. Eric Helms joins Dr. Jordan Feigenbaum to work out what the rule is actually tracking, starting from a question with a real number attached: what does a pound of muscle cost to build? And then, do you need to be in a surplus to build muscle? 

Timestamps:

• 0:00 The rule, and its exceptions
• 2:08 Where "you need a surplus" came from
• 7:12 Heuristics versus theories
• 11:40 Hypertrophy, maintenance, deficit and surplus defined
• 14:58 Body fat as a savings account
• 18:24 How fast anyone can actually build muscle
• 23:39 What sets the ceiling: stimulus, not genetics
• 26:37 Microgravity, astronauts, and a 20 kg barbell
• 31:49 What constrains growth if steroids don't break the ceiling
• 36:44 If training sets the ceiling, what does energy do
• 38:45 What 1 kg of muscle costs to build
• 44:05 Why 3,500 Calories doesn't tell you what to eat
• 44:55 REDs and the dual intervention model
• 47:51 The 2000s bulking studies
• 51:34 Garthe 2013: elite athletes and a 500 Calorie surplus
• 58:30 Protein: 1.6 versus 2.5 g/kg
• 1:03:31 What starvation research shows the body protects
• 1:10:29 Vargas-Molina: maintenance versus deficit
• 1:19:17 What to do if you're lean
• 1:39:34 What would prove this wrong
• 1:57:57 Three buckets

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8. Helms ER, Spence A, Sousa C, et al. Effect of small and large energy surpluses on strength, muscle, and skinfold thickness in resistance-trained individuals: a parallel groups design. Sports Med Open. 2023;9(1):102. doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00651-y
9. Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(17):1073-1097. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994
10. Speakman JR, Hall KD. Models of body weight and fatness regulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2023;378(1888):20220231. doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0231
11. Vargas-Molina S, García-Palumbo A, García-Sillero M, et al. Comparison of two nutritional protocols in body re-composition of resistance-trained participants. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2026;126(7):4019-4030. doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06209-6

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