William Grant Still - 'Africa'

####Bio

- It seems especially difficult to summarize the life and career of William Grant Still. At the simplest, Still performed, conducted, composed, orchestrated, and arranged music, earning him the title “Dean of Afro-American Composers”. But what he was as a man is so much deeper and more complex. His compositions give us a brief glimpse of his personality and philosophy (and I am grateful for that). Beyond this, Still’s words and those affected by him do a meritorious job in striving to complete the picture of the man. Yet, in the end, he is too multidimensional to be easily labeled.

- Still began as a performer and arranger for W.C. Handy, the self-proclaimed “Father of the Blues.” This association brought Still to Harlem in 1919, during a pivotal moment in American history, at the peak of the “Harlem Renaissance.” Though the Harlem Renaissance would lay a foundation for the Civil Rights movement roughly 30 years later, at the time it was as an explosion of African American art and philosophy after the Civil War and during the period when “Jim Crow” laws were sweeping the South. It was a time of individuality, self-assertion, and rich expression in the face of current segregation and oppression, while slavery was not just a memory for most. 

- Still was absolutely unique at this moment, as the most well-known—and often the first—African-American to compose works in the European art music fashion. Other African-American “firsts” for Still included having a symphony performed by a professional orchestra, conducting a major symphony orchestra, and having an opera performed by a major opera company.

- Still’s massive portfolio alone is impressive, totaling nearly 200 compositions, which in addition to the well-known symphonies and operas, includes ballet and chamber music. The most well-recognized works are likely his “Afro-American” Symphony No. 1, the opera Troubled Island, and his ballet Sahdji. The symphonic poem Africa, written in the same year as the Symphony No. 1 and Sahdji (1930), is a notable hidden gem as even after revising it numerous times following a successful performance by the Rochester Philharmonic and Howard Hanson—a long time champion of Still’s works—Still eventually withdrew the work, unpublished(!).

####Culture

- That label of “first” is tricky, needing a broader view to the context and implication. Musicologist Gayle Murchison was a colleague of mine at the College of William & Mary, and in fact has agreed to be a guest on this show to talk about American composers. She addresses this issue of duality for Still:

Quote The title “Dean of Afro-American Composers” is Still’s due. Yet it does not aptly describe his accomplishments or the artistic and aesthetic ideals he pursued in his work. Such a title is easily bestowed on Still, who crossed many racial barriers during a period in American history when the achievements of African Americans were measured by firsts as a marker of racial progress and improvement in race relations. But to see him in this way is to accord him a place in American music history largely on the basis of his race and to consider only one facet of his accomplishments.

End quote. After all, I believe Still was a genius, and should be recognized for that at any moment in history.

- The piece we will hear today, _Africa_, obviously weighed on Still’s mind for a long period, having begun composition in 1924, and philosophically tied in with the Harlem Renaissance. Writing to George Barrère, the conductor to premiere the work, Still gives insight into the programmatic content:

An American Negro has formed a concept of the land of his ancestors based largely on its folklore, and influenced by his contact with American civilization. He beholds in his mind’s eye not the Africa of reality but an Africa mirrored in fancy, and radiantly ideal.

###Analysis of piece

####Overall scope

- Now to the music itself

- Written in 3 movements, titled “land of peace”, “land of romance”, and “land of superstition”. As we talked about, the work is programmatic, and Still put a great deal of thought into this aspect.

- So, before we go further I want to make a personal statement involving Programmatic music. If you are not sure what that is, at it’s simplest, programmatic music follows a story. Usually, the concept originates with a story, and the composer writes music to emulate the atmosphere described or follow, outright, the drama as it unfolds. Bizet's “Symphony Fantastique” and Elgar’s “Enigma” Variations are classic examples. So, I want to make it completely clear what my thoughts are on programmatic music. I LOVE the stories, they are interesting, usually enjoyable, and often give us insight into the composer and what they were thinking when writing the piece. However, I believe from the standpoint of enjoying and consuming the art, I believe the program to be completely superfluous. It is a nice dressing, but neither enhances nor serves the music directly when receiving a performance of the work. My anecdotal argument is this: Elgar wrote his Enigma variations 1899, and practically ever since it has been played by orchestras all over the world, enjoyed by countless audiences, and studied to death by every serious orchestral musician. Therefore, we do know a few tid-bits about the people on whom the variations were based, most notably Jaeger from the 9th variation, titled ‘Nimrod’, which refers to the hunter ++need more context++. They were very close friends, etc. etc. I hold that this story and external information would be completely unknown to us if the music was not as good, powerful, and moving as it is. Therefore, the program is extra, non-essential, like a performance venue during a global pandemic!

- And it is for this reason that though I will discuss both, separately and in tandem, when analyzing a piece, my philosophy is squarely attached to the sounds themselves, while respecting the fact that the composer him or herself made the connection to the story.

- Ok, tangent over. Now, on to the music.

####Excerpts

- These excerpts are from a 2005 NAXOS recording of the Fort Smith Symphony, conducted by John Jeter.

- Ironically, after saying all of that, there is a strong programmatic tie to the very opening bars of _Africa_. Distant, rhythmic drums. This certainly sets a serene background for the flute solo that follows. It is hard NOT to conjure an image in the mind of heat rising against the distant sunset on a vast African plain. \[play opening to 1:05]

- Titled “Land of Peace” this movement goes through what seems like progressive vignettes of calm scenic African events. Still uses this format to show all of his strengths, European Romantic style writing, jazz influenced lyrical moments, soloistic writing, and crafty orchestrational mixture. \[3:10-3:46]

- At the second theme, Still opens into a rich, satisfying horn led melodic line, with harp and string accompaniment. It instantly reminds me of the 2nd theme of Hanson’s 2nd Symphony, and it’s not a stretch that Still was influenced by that piece considering how much Hanson championed Still’s compositions. \[5:04-5:49]

- “Land of Romance”, the middle movement, includes even more of a jazz/dissonance clash. In this spot, the chromatic melodies seem to have a pleasurably erratic nature, and the harmonic movement below, while the pulse is steady, seems to constantly be slipping in a similar chromatic fashion. \[1:58-3:09]

- At the overflow moment, the volume does rise with full brass and percussion. Though, the previous characteristics remain, creating a both unsettling and satisfying climactic moment. \[3:54-5:01-ish]

- Finally, in “Land of Superstition”, Still introduces a bit of forward motion. Still continues to show his orchestrational prowess in this movement, along with his particular blend of styles. Hear how he moves back and forth between sections of the orchestra, all while moving the energy forward and creating a jazzy flavor at the same time. \[2:38-3:47]

- The only time Still comes close to a big band moment is at the high point of this movement, when the bottom of the orchestra cycles a recognizable walking bass pattern and practically everyone else sings out a long, loud bluesy melody. Yet, Still doesn’t lose his voice entirely, using a very unique mode mixture, constantly going back and forth between major and minor. \[5:10-5:57-ish]

###Closing

- Even without any of this explanation of the programmatic aspect, the piece itself has a mysterious character, aurally engaging from the opening drum beats and flute solo, the hypnotic bluesy rhythms, the easy downward slide of chromatic movement in the strings, to the often celebratory mood of the last movement. As in his other orchestral works, especially his five numbered symphonies, Still shows complete mastery of orchestration and suitable timbre use for every instrument, section, and combination thereof. Like all other great composers, his adeptness in this area is so deft that one does not even think of it while enraptured in the moment. I can’t think of a better compliment.

Music:

'Africa'

By: William Grant Still

Performed by: Fort Smith Symphony, John Jeter

Courtesy of Naxos of America, Inc.

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